The first verse of Valmiki Ramanaya is a beautiful rendering with a double meaning depicting the Rishi Valmiki, who witnesses a hunter kill a male krauncha (crane) bird, and is moved to sorrow and compassion, which leads him to spontaneously compose a verse which became the first verse of the Ramayana.

मा निषाद प्रतिष्ठां त्वमगमः शाश्वतीः समाः । यत् क्रौञ्चमिथुनादेकमवधीः काममोहितम् ॥
Though it might mean spontaneous cursing by the saint of the hunter, it praises the protagonist of the epic he is going to write.
Prose rendering of the verse goes thus: हे निषाद, यत् क्रौञ्चमिथुनादेकं काममोहितं अवधीः, त्वं शाश्वतीः समाः प्रतिष्ठां मा अगमः ।
“O Nishada (hunter), because you killed one of the Kraunca couple who was engaged in love, may you never obtain peace.”
मा निषाद in the shloka prima facie appears as two separate words; मा is used in the meaning of “don’t” and निषाद is used to address the hunter.
However, the shloka needs to be changed to accomplish the second meaning. It needs to be modified as below:
मानिषाद प्रतिष्ठां त्वमगमः शाश्वतीः समाः । यत् क्रौञ्चमिथुनादेकमवधीः काममोहितम् ॥
As you can see, the first word is now a compound (समास). It is explained as:
मानिषाद = मा लक्ष्मीः यस्मिन् निषीदति निवसति स मानिषादः where Mā (Lakshmi) resides, i.e. Vishnu’s heart. Hence Vishnu is called मानिषाद.
However, the word क्रौञ्च is to be interpreted as a human.
So the verse is addressed to Vishnu:
“O Mānishāda (Vishnu), because you killed one (Kraunca) “human” who was lustful (i.e. Ravana), may you always obtain fame.”
So you see, the original shloka has to be modified, to come up with a second meaning.
Sanskrit literature has many such beautiful poems that have double (or many) meanings, that have to be deciphered by their disciples (commentators), without whom it would be difficult for others to easily interpret!!
For example, the first verse of the celebrated Sanskrit poet Kalidasa’s famous epic poem Raghuvamśa (“the story of the dynasty of Raghu”, a king of the solar lineage of India) is as follows:
वागर्थाविव संपृक्तौ वागर्थप्रतिपत्तये ।
जगतः पितरौ वन्दे पार्वतीपरमेश्वरौ ।।
“I bow to the mother and father of the world, Pārvatī and Parameśvara (Ṥiva), who are inseparably conjoined, just like a word and its meaning are inseparably conjoined for the purpose of comprehension.”
This is the classic meaning of the verse. However, clever scholars discovered that they could make a pun on the last word by splitting it slightly differently.
First method of splitting:
पार्वती – परमेश्वरौ = Pārvatī and Parameśvara
Second method of splitting:
पार्वतीप – रमेश्वरौ = Pārvatīpa and Rameśvara
= Pārvatī’s husband and Ramā’s husband
= Ṥiva and Viṣṇu
In the second case, the word पितरौ is easily translated as “two fathers” instead of the special meaning of “father and mother” for the first case.
This seems to be a clever way of showing the equivalence of the two great Gods Shiva and Vishnu with the aim of calming sectarian rivalries and conflicts.
It is a joy to read poetry and be blessed to be blissful rather than get entangled in a controversy of which language is older… !






